التكنولوجيا

In response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a comprehensive set of sanctions has been imposed on Russian oil and gas by various international actors, primarily the European Union (EU), G7 nations, and Australia. These sanctions aim to significantly reduce Russia’s revenue from energy exports, which fund its war efforts.

Here’s a breakdown of the key sanctions:

1. Oil Price Cap:

• G7 and EU Initiative: The G7 nations, in coordination with the EU and Australia, established a price cap on seaborne Russian crude oil. Initially set at $60 per barrel in December 2022, the EU recently lowered it to $47.60 per barrel as part of its 18th sanctions package (effective September 3, 2025).
• Mechanism: This cap prevents EU and G7 operators from providing services (such as shipping, insurance, and financing) for the maritime transport of Russian crude oil and refined petroleum products if they are sold above the specified price cap.
• Dynamic Review: The EU’s latest package also introduced a dynamic review mechanism for the oil price cap, ensuring it remains at a certain percentage (e.g., 15%) below the average market price of Urals crude over a six-month period. This aims to ensure predictability for operators while maintaining downward pressure on Russian revenues.
• Refined Products: Separate price caps are in place for refined oil products: $100 per barrel for high-value products (like diesel and petrol) and $45 per barrel for low-value products (like fuel oil). These remain unaffected by the recent crude oil price cap adjustment.

2. Import Bans and Embargoes:

• EU Seaborne Oil Ban: The EU has prohibited the import of seaborne crude oil and refined petroleum products from Russia. This largely came into effect in December 2022.
• Coal Ban: The EU has an import ban on all forms of Russian coal.
• LNG Restrictions:
  • A ban on future investments in, and exports to, liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects under construction in Russia.
  • A ban on the use of EU ports for the transshipment of Russian LNG.
  • A ban on the import of Russian LNG into specific terminals not connected to the EU gas pipeline network.
  • Prohibiting Russian nationals or entities from booking gas storage capacity in EU Member States.
• Pipeline Oil (Limited Exceptions): While the seaborne ban is extensive, some exceptions for pipeline oil initially existed for certain EU countries heavily reliant on Russian supply. However, Germany and Poland have ended the possibility to import Russian oil by pipeline.
• Refined Products from Third Countries: A significant new measure in the EU’s latest package is a ban on the import of refined petroleum products made from Russian crude oil and coming from any third country (with exceptions for Canada, Norway, Switzerland, the UK, and the US). This targets countries like India and Turkey that have been refining Russian crude and exporting it to the EU.

3. Targeting the “Shadow Fleet”:

• Vessel Sanctions: The EU, G7, and the US have directly sanctioned numerous oil-carrying vessels suspected of involvement in violating the price cap or hiding the origin of Russian oil.
• Monitoring and Enforcement: Measures have been introduced to monitor the sale of tankers to third countries and pressure flag countries to better check for price cap breaches. The EU has blacklisted over 400 vessels in Russia’s “shadow fleet.”
• Port Access Prohibition: The EU prohibits access to European ports for vessels suspected of having been involved in transshipment of Russian oil at a price higher than the price cap or having turned off their Automatic Identification System (AIS) trackers.

4. Technology and Services Bans:

• Refining Technologies: A ban on exports of specific refining technologies to Russia, making it harder and more costly for Russia to upgrade its oil refineries.
• Oil and Gas Exploration Software: A ban on the export, supply, or provision of oil and gas exploration software to Russia.
• U.S. Petroleum Services: The U.S. has prohibited the provision of U.S. petroleum services to persons located in Russia, aiming to cut off Russia’s access to U.S. services related to the extraction and production of crude oil and other petroleum products.

5. Financial and Business Measures:

• Investment Ban: A far-reaching ban on new EU investments across the Russian energy sector, with limited exceptions for civil nuclear energy and the transport of certain energy products back to the EU.
• Banking Restrictions: Sanctions on Russia’s banking sector to limit Moscow’s ability to raise capital and carry out international transactions.
• Nord Stream Pipelines: A ban on future transactions via both Nord Stream pipelines, which are currently non-operational.

Impact: These sanctions have had a significant impact on Russia’s energy revenues, forcing Russia to seek new markets, often selling oil at discounted prices. They have also led to the growth of a “shadow fleet” and complex supply chains to circumvent restrictions. While challenging to enforce completely, the sanctions aim to continue squeezing Russia’s financial resources for the war.