Changing a flat tire can seem daunting, but it’s a vital skill for any driver. Here’s a step-by-step guide to properly changing a flat tire, keeping safety in mind:

I. Safety First!

Before you do anything, prioritize your safety and the safety of others.

1. Find a Safe Location: As soon as you notice a flat, slow down gradually and look for a flat, stable, and secure spot, well away from traffic. An empty parking lot is ideal. If on a highway, try to reach an exit. If not, find a wide shoulder.
2. Turn on Hazard Lights: Immediately turn on your hazard lights to alert other drivers to your situation.
3. Engage Parking Brake: Once stopped, put your car in “Park” (automatic) or a low gear (manual) and firmly apply the parking brake.
4. Use Wheel Chocks (Optional but Recommended): If you have them, place wheel chocks (or even bricks/large rocks) in front of or behind the tire diagonally opposite to the flat one. For example, if your front left tire is flat, chock the rear right tire. This prevents the car from rolling.
5. Remove Passengers: Have all passengers exit the vehicle and move to a safe location away from the road.
6. Be Aware of Surroundings: Always keep an eye on traffic, especially on busy roads. If you feel unsafe, stay in your car and call for roadside assistance.
7. Gloves: Wear work gloves to protect your hands from dirt and sharp edges.

II. Gather Your Tools:

Most cars come equipped with the basic tools you’ll need, usually stored in the trunk. Check your owner’s manual for their exact location and specific instructions for your vehicle. You’ll need:

• Spare Tire: Ensure it’s properly inflated and in good condition. (Note: Many modern cars have “donut” spares that are only for temporary, limited-speed use. Be aware of the limitations).
• Jack: For lifting the car.
• Lug Wrench (Tire Iron): For loosening and tightening the lug nuts.
• Vehicle Owner’s Manual: Crucial for identifying proper jacking points and specific instructions for your car.
• Optional but Recommended:
  • Flashlight (especially at night)
  • Reflective triangle or flares
  • Small plank of wood (to stabilize the jack on soft ground)
  • Tire pressure gauge (to check the spare)

III. The Step-by-Step Process:

1. Prepare the Flat Tire: If your wheel has a hubcap or wheel cover, carefully remove it. You might need a flathead screwdriver or the flat end of your lug wrench to pry it off. Place it face-up to hold your lug nuts later.
2. Loosen the Lug Nuts (While on the Ground):
   • Using the lug wrench, fit it onto one of the lug nuts.
   • Turn the lug wrench counter-clockwise to loosen the nuts. They can be very tight, so you may need to use significant force, even your body weight or foot.
   • Loosen each lug nut about 1/4 to 1/2 of a turn. Do not remove them completely yet. It’s easier and safer to break their resistance while the car is still on the ground.
3. Position the Jack:
   • Consult your owner’s manual to find the designated jacking points on your vehicle’s frame. These are typically reinforced areas near the flat tire. Using the wrong spot can damage your car.
   • Place the jack on a firm, level surface. If the ground is soft, place a small plank of wood underneath the jack for stability.
4. Raise the Vehicle:
   • Slowly raise the car with the jack. Ensure the jack remains stable and securely in place.
   • Raise the vehicle until the flat tire is about 4-6 inches off the ground, giving you enough clearance to remove and install the tire.
   • Never place any part of your body under the car while it’s on the jack.
5. Remove the Flat Tire:
   • Once the tire is off the ground, fully unscrew and remove all the lug nuts. Place them in your hubcap or a secure spot so they don’t roll away.
   • Grasp the flat tire firmly by the treads and pull it gently towards you until it comes free from the wheel studs.
   • Carefully set the flat tire aside, laying it flat so it doesn’t roll away. Some people place the flat tire under the car’s frame as an extra safety measure in case the jack fails.
6. Mount the Spare Tire:
   • Lift the spare tire and align its holes with the wheel studs on the car’s hub.
   • Carefully slide the spare tire onto the studs until it sits flush against the hub. Ensure the valve stem is facing outwards.
   • Hand-tighten the lug nuts back onto the studs. Tighten them as much as you can by hand.
7. Lower the Vehicle (Partially) and Tighten Lug Nuts:
   • Use the jack to slowly lower the car until the spare tire just touches the ground, but the full weight of the car isn’t on it yet. This allows the tire to grip the ground, preventing it from spinning as you tighten the nuts.
   • Using the lug wrench, tighten the lug nuts firmly. It’s crucial to tighten them in a star pattern (or crisscross pattern). This ensures even pressure and prevents the wheel from becoming warped. For example, tighten one nut, then tighten the nut opposite to it, then the next adjacent, and so on.
   • Do not fully lower the car yet.
8. Fully Lower the Vehicle and Final Tighten:
   • Completely lower the vehicle to the ground and remove the jack.
   • Give the lug nuts a final, firm tightening using the star pattern. Lean into the wrench for maximum tightness, but avoid over-tightening excessively.
9. Stow Equipment and Check Spare Pressure:
   • Put the flat tire, jack, lug wrench, and any other tools back into your trunk securely.
   • If you have a tire pressure gauge, check the pressure of the newly installed spare tire. Inflate it to the recommended PSI (usually found in your owner’s manual or on a sticker inside the driver’s side door jamb).
   • Remember that “donut” spares often require a higher PSI than regular tires.
10. Head to a Service Center:
    • Drive cautiously to the nearest service center or tire shop as soon as possible. Spare tires (especially temporary ones) are not meant for long-term use or high speeds. Have your flat tire repaired or replaced and ensure your spare is in good working order for future emergencies.

Knowing how to change a flat tire can save you time, money, and a lot of frustration. Practice this process in a safe environment if you can, so you’re prepared when it happens for real.

Our Sun is currently a “main-sequence” star, meaning it’s fusing hydrogen into helium in its core, which is the most stable and longest phase of a star’s life.

The Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has enough hydrogen fuel in its core to continue this process for approximately another 5 billion years.

After it runs out of hydrogen in its core, it will begin a dramatic transformation, expanding into a red giant and eventually shedding its outer layers to become a white dwarf.

Based on available data, the average weight for women in Saudi Arabia is around 63 kg (approximately 138.9 lbs).

It’s important to note a few things:

• Source Date: One of the more commonly cited figures (63 kg) comes from a study by Al-Malki et al. (2003). While this is a well-referenced study, it’s over two decades old.
• More Recent Data/Variations: More recent general compilations, like the Wikipedia page on human body weight by country (which cites a 2005 measured study for Saudi Arabia), show the average female weight at 71.7 kg (158.1 lb). This suggests a potential increase in average weight over time, possibly due to changes in lifestyle and diet.
• Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity: Studies consistently indicate a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among Saudi women, which would contribute to a higher average weight. For instance, one study found that 30% of women were overweight and 22% obese.
• Regional Differences: As with other countries, there can be regional variations within Saudi Arabia. One study indicated that in highland areas, the average weight for women was 61.9 kg, while in lowland areas it was 52.4 kg (though this data might be from a specific region and not nationally representative).

Given the trends and the more recent data available, it’s likely that the current average weight for women in Saudi Arabia is closer to the 70-72 kg (154-158 lbs) range than the older 63 kg figure, but precise, large-scale, very recent national surveys might provide more definitive numbers.

The average height of men in India is generally cited to be around 5 feet 5 inches (approximately 165-166 cm) to 5 feet 8 inches (approximately 173 cm).

Here’s a breakdown of what various sources indicate:

• Most common range: Many sources, including recent data for 2025, suggest the average height for adult Indian men is around 5 feet 8 inches (173 cm).
• Lower estimates: Some older surveys or broader national health studies (like NFHS-IV in 2015-16) reported averages closer to 5 feet 5 inches (165 cm).
• Regional Variations: It’s very important to note that India has significant regional, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity, which heavily influences height.
  • Men from northern states like Punjab and Haryana tend to be taller, often averaging around 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm) or even more in some communities.
  • Other regions, particularly some southern and eastern areas, might have slightly lower averages.
  • Urban areas generally show slightly higher averages due to better nutrition and healthcare access.

Factors like genetics, nutrition (especially during childhood and adolescence), access to healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions all play a significant role in determining the average height within different populations in India. There’s also an observed trend of gradual increase in average height over the years due to improved living standards and nutrition