پارکنسن (رعشہ) کے مریضوں کے لیے کھانسی کی کچھ دوائیں فائدہ مند ہو سکتی ہیں، جبکہ کچھ سے بچنا ضروری ہے۔
فائدہ مند کھانسی کی دوا: امبروکسول (Ambroxol)
حالیہ تحقیق سے پتہ چلا ہے کہ امبروکسول (Ambroxol)، جو عام طور پر کھانسی اور بلغم کو پتلا کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے، رعشہ کے مریضوں کے لیے مفید ہو سکتی ہے۔ یہ دوا دماغ میں GCase نامی ایک انزائم کی سطح کو بڑھاتی ہے جو کہ رعشہ کے مریضوں میں اکثر کم ہوتا ہے۔ GCase دماغی خلیوں سے فضلہ پروٹین کو ہٹانے میں مدد کرتا ہے، جس میں الفا-سائنوکلین (alpha-synuclein) بھی شامل ہے جو کہ رعشہ کی بیماری کا ایک اہم مارکر ہے۔ ابتدائی مطالعات میں یہ دوا محفوظ اور قابلِ برداشت پائی گئی ہے اور اب اس پر بڑے پیمانے پر کلینیکل ٹرائلز جاری ہیں۔ خاص طور پر، یہ رعشہ کے ساتھ ڈیمنشیا (دماغی کمزوری) والے مریضوں میں ذہنی کارکردگی اور دماغی نقصان سے بچاؤ میں مدد کر سکتی ہے۔
بچنے والی یا احتیاط سے استعمال کی جانے والی دوائیں:
کچھ کھانسی کی ادویات یا ان کے اجزاء رعشہ کے مریضوں کے لیے نقصان دہ ہو سکتے ہیں اور ان سے بچنا چاہیے یا ڈاکٹر کے مشورے سے استعمال کرنا چاہیے:
* اینٹی کولینرجکس (Anticholinergics): جیسے کہ بیناڈرل (Benadryl) یا ڈائیفین ہائیڈرامین (Diphenhydramine)، یہ کنفیوژن، غنودگی اور یادداشت کے مسائل کا سبب بن سکتے ہیں، جو رعشہ کے مریضوں میں پہلے سے موجود ہو سکتے ہیں۔
* کوڈین (Codeine) پر مشتمل کھانسی کے شربت: یہ بھی یادداشت، سوچنے کے مسائل یا غنودگی کا باعث بن سکتے ہیں۔
* ڈیکسٹرومیتھورفان (Dextromethorphan): جو کہ بہت سی کھانسی کی دواؤں میں پایا جاتا ہے، اسے مونوامین آکسیڈیس (MAO-B) انہیبیٹرز (جیسے سیلیجلین، راساگلین، سفینامائڈ) کے ساتھ استعمال نہیں کرنا چاہیے کیونکہ یہ سیروٹونن سنڈروم کا خطرہ بڑھا سکتا ہے۔
* ڈیکونجسٹنٹ (Decongestants) / سٹیمولینٹ (Stimulants): جیسے سیوڈو ایفڈرین (Pseudoephedrine) اور فینائل ایفڈرین (Phenylephrine)، جو خون کے دباؤ کو بڑھا سکتے ہیں اور رعشہ کے مریضوں میں فالج کا خطرہ بڑھا سکتے ہیں، خاص طور پر اگر انہیں پہلے سے ہائی بلڈ پریشر ہو۔
* کوئی بھی دوا جو شدید غنودگی کا باعث بنے: رعشہ کے مریضوں میں گرنے کا خطرہ زیادہ ہوتا ہے، اور غنودگی والی دوائیں اس خطرے کو بڑھا سکتی ہیں۔
اہم مشورہ:
ہمیشہ اپنے ڈاکٹر یا فارماسسٹ سے مشورہ کریں اس سے پہلے کہ آپ رعشہ کی بیماری کی صورت میں کوئی نئی کھانسی کی دوا استعمال کریں۔ وہ آپ کی موجودہ ادویات اور صحت کی حالت کو مدنظر رکھتے ہوئے آپ کے لیے بہترین اور محفوظ آپشن کا انتخاب کر سکتے ہیں۔

Yes, recent research suggests that women’s ability to control anger improves with age, particularly during midlife.
A new study published in the journal Menopause found that both chronological age and reproductive aging (stages of menopause) play a significant role in reducing various forms of anger in women between the ages of 35 and 55. Key findings include:
* Decreased Anger: Forms of anger such as anger temperament (a general tendency to become angry), anger reactions (responses to specific provocations), and aggressive expression of anger all significantly decreased with age. Hostility also diminished over time.
* Improved Control: While women may still feel anger, they develop superior skills for controlling its outward expression as they age. They become more adept at managing anger even if they feel it more acutely.
* Midlife Transition: The most dramatic improvements in anger control were observed during the transition from late reproductive stages to early menopause.
* Generativity and Maturity: Researchers suggest that this improved anger management may be linked to a sense of “generativity” – a desire to positively impact the world by caring for others – and increased maturity that comes with aging.
* Emotion Regulation: The findings imply that women develop increasingly sophisticated emotion regulation strategies as they age, becoming better at selecting and deploying appropriate strategies to manage their emotions.
It’s important to note that “suppressed anger” (anger that is felt but not expressed) was the only anger measure not significantly affected by age in this study. This highlights a distinction between feeling anger and how it is expressed or managed.

There are a variety of complex reasons why a farmer’s child might not want to become a farmer, reflecting significant changes and challenges in the agricultural sector:
1. Economic Challenges and Financial Risk:
* Low Profitability and Volatility: Farming can be a low-margin business with fluctuating commodity prices, making income unpredictable. This financial instability is a significant deterrent.
* High Costs and Debt: The cost of land, equipment, seeds, fertilizers, and other inputs has skyrocketed. Starting or taking over a farm often involves substantial debt, which can be daunting for young people.
* Asset-Rich, Cash-Poor: Farms can have high nominal value in land and assets, but often struggle with cash flow, making it difficult to live comfortably or invest in modernizing the farm.
* Difficulty in Accessing Capital and Land: Even for those with family ties, securing the necessary capital or even gaining full control of the land can be challenging, especially with complex succession plans.
2. Lifestyle and Work-Life Balance:
* Long Hours and Hard Labor: Farming is incredibly demanding, often requiring long hours, physical exertion, and work in all weather conditions. This can be less appealing than jobs with more predictable schedules and less physical strain.
* Lack of Control: Farmers are highly dependent on factors outside their control, such as weather (droughts, floods, extreme temperatures), market prices, and global events. This unpredictability can be very stressful.
* Isolation: Rural areas can offer less social interaction and fewer amenities compared to urban centers, which might be a concern for young people seeking a more vibrant social life.
* Perceived Lack of Opportunities: There’s a perception that rural areas offer fewer diverse career opportunities beyond farming, pushing young people towards urban areas for broader prospects.
3. Changing Aspirations and Social Perceptions:
* Desire for Different Careers: Many young people today are exposed to a wider array of career options through education and media, leading them to pursue fields that offer different intellectual challenges, social engagement, or perceived prestige.
* Educational Opportunities: Higher education often opens doors to non-agricultural professions, and many farm children pursue degrees that lead them away from the farm.
* Lack of “Prestige”: Historically, farming might not be seen as a “high-status” job by some young people, who might seek careers that offer more perceived prestige or modern appeal.
* Desire for Independence: Some children may want to establish their own path and make their own decisions, rather than feeling obligated to continue a family business.
* Parental Influence: Ironically, some farm parents might encourage their children to pursue non-farming careers, wanting them to avoid the hardships they faced.
4. Succession Planning and Family Dynamics:
* Aging Farmer Population: Many current farmers are older and may be reluctant to fully relinquish control, leaving the next generation with limited decision-making power or financial autonomy.
* Complex Inheritance Issues: Dividing farm assets fairly among multiple siblings, some of whom may not want to farm, can create significant financial and emotional challenges.
* Communication Gaps: Lack of open communication about expectations, values, and succession plans between generations can lead to friction and discourage the younger generation.
While farming remains a vital industry, these intertwined factors contribute to a global trend of fewer young people, even those from farming backgrounds, choosing to enter the profession. Efforts to address these challenges often focus on making farming more financially viable, incorporating new technologies, providing business management training, and facilitating smoother generational transitions.

The circles (or rings) on an earphone plug are made of non-conductive material (usually plastic) and serve a crucial purpose: they separate the different electrical contacts on the plug. Each of these metal sections (separated by the rings) carries a different part of the audio signal or other functions.
Here’s a breakdown of what the number of rings typically indicates:
* One Ring (TRS – Tip, Ring, Sleeve): This configuration has three sections.
* Tip: Carries the left audio channel.
* Ring: Carries the right audio channel.
* Sleeve: Acts as a common ground for both channels.
* This is the most common type for standard stereo headphones without a microphone.
* Two Rings (TRRS – Tip, Ring, Ring, Sleeve): This configuration has four sections.
* Tip: Carries the left audio channel.
* First Ring: Carries the right audio channel.
* Second Ring: Typically carries the microphone input, or sometimes a remote control signal (for volume, play/pause, etc.).
* Sleeve: Acts as a common ground.
* This is commonly found on headsets designed for smartphones, tablets, and other devices that support both stereo audio and a microphone.
* No Rings (TS – Tip, Sleeve): This configuration has only two sections.
* Tip: Carries a mono audio signal.
* Sleeve: Acts as a common ground.
* This is used for mono audio signals, such as in electric guitars or some older audio equipment.
In essence, the rings allow the single plug to carry multiple distinct electrical signals, enabling features like stereo sound and integrated microphones.