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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    Jordan's decision to shoot down Iranian drones heading towards Israel, despite being a Muslim-majority country, stems from several key factors: * Protection of its own airspace and sovereignty: The most immediate and publicly stated reason by Jordan is to protect its own territory and citizens. JordRead more

    Jordan’s decision to shoot down Iranian drones heading towards Israel, despite being a Muslim-majority country, stems from several key factors:
    * Protection of its own airspace and sovereignty: The most immediate and publicly stated reason by Jordan is to protect its own territory and citizens. Jordanian officials have repeatedly emphasized that any drones or missiles entering their airspace, regardless of their origin or intended target, will be intercepted if they pose a threat to Jordanian security or are likely to fall within Jordanian territory, including populated areas. They want to avoid their country becoming a “battleground” for regional conflicts.
    * Strategic interests and stability: Jordan has a delicate geopolitical position, bordering both Israel and other volatile countries like Syria and Iraq. An escalation of conflict between Iran and Israel directly threatens Jordan’s stability and security. By intercepting the drones, Jordan aims to prevent its own involvement in a wider regional war and protect its national interests, including economic stability (e.g., tourism) and avoiding potential collateral damage.
    * Security alliance with the United States and Israel: Jordan is a major security ally of the United States and has a peace treaty with Israel. While Jordan has been critical of Israeli actions in Gaza, it relies on these relationships for military aid, economic support, and water resources. Taking action to defend against threats transiting its airspace aligns with its broader security cooperation.
    * Long-standing suspicions of Iran: Jordan has expressed concerns about Iran’s expanding influence in the region for a long time. King Abdullah II has previously warned of a “Shia Crescent” and seen Iranian actions as a threat to regional stability. Intercepting Iranian projectiles also serves to demonstrate Jordan’s capacity to defend its borders and airspace against potential future threats from Iran.
    While Jordan’s actions have drawn some criticism from those who view it as assisting Israel and betraying the Palestinian cause, the Jordanian government maintains that its primary motivation is self-defense and the protection of its national security.

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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    In a major escalation, Iran was attacked on Friday, June 13, 2025, by Israel. This attack, dubbed "Operation Rising Lion" by Israel, targeted various sites across Iran. How and by what means was Iran attacked? * Airstrikes: The primary means of attack was a barrage of airstrikes. Reports indicate thRead more

    In a major escalation, Iran was attacked on Friday, June 13, 2025, by Israel. This attack, dubbed “Operation Rising Lion” by Israel, targeted various sites across Iran.
    How and by what means was Iran attacked?
    * Airstrikes: The primary means of attack was a barrage of airstrikes. Reports indicate that over 200 Israeli Air Force fighter jets were involved, hitting more than 100 targets.
    * Targeted Facilities: The airstrikes focused on:
    * Nuclear sites: Crucially, Israel struck Iran’s main nuclear enrichment facility at Natanz, where black smoke was reportedly seen. Other nuclear sites were also targeted.
    * Military sites: This included ballistic missile manufacturing sites, missile launchers, and air defense systems in western Iran.
    * Leadership: The attacks reportedly killed top military officers, including the chief of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Hossein Salami, and several nuclear scientists.
    * Residential sites: Some reports also indicated that residential areas in Tehran were hit, causing injuries.
    * Covert Operations: In addition to overt airstrikes, there were reports of more clandestine means:
    * Explosive Drones: Israel’s Mossad spy agency reportedly positioned explosive drones inside Iran and activated them to target missile launchers.
    * Smuggled Weapons: Precision weapons and strike systems on vehicles were allegedly smuggled into central Iran and activated during the attack to target Iranian air defenses.
    Prior incidents and context:
    It’s important to note that while this recent attack is a significant escalation, Israel has previously engaged in covert operations and cyberattacks against Iran, particularly targeting its nuclear program. The most well-known example is the Stuxnet cyberworm discovered in 2010, believed to be a joint US-Israeli effort, which severely damaged Iran’s nuclear centrifuges. Iran has also faced other cyberattacks on its infrastructure, with Iranian officials often blaming the US and Israel.

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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    Russia Ukraine war: بھارت اگرچہ روس-یوکرین جنگ میں اب تک غیر جانبدار رہا ہے، لیکن امریکی صدر ڈونالڈ ٹرمپ نے اب اسے اس تنازع میں گھسیٹنے کا ارادہ ظاہر کیا ہے۔ وہ روس پر عائد پابندیوں کو سخت کرنے کا الٹی میٹم دے رہے ہیں، جس کا براہِ راست اثر بھارت کی معیشت پر پڑ سکتا ہے۔ آئیے آپ کو بتاتے ہیں کہ آخر ٹرRead more

    Russia Ukraine war: بھارت اگرچہ روس-یوکرین جنگ میں اب تک غیر جانبدار رہا ہے، لیکن امریکی صدر ڈونالڈ ٹرمپ نے اب اسے اس تنازع میں گھسیٹنے کا ارادہ ظاہر کیا ہے۔ وہ روس پر عائد پابندیوں کو سخت کرنے کا الٹی میٹم دے رہے ہیں، جس کا براہِ راست اثر بھارت کی معیشت پر پڑ سکتا ہے۔ آئیے آپ کو بتاتے ہیں کہ آخر ٹرمپ کا منصوبہ کیا ہے اور وہ بھارت کو دھمکی کیوں دے رہے ہیں

    اسکاٹ لینڈ: امریکی صدر ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ نے ایک بار پھر روس-یوکرین جنگ کے حوالے سے اپنی ڈیڈ لائن دہرا دی ہے۔ انہوں نے روس کو 10 سے 12 دن کی نئی بالواسطہ مہلت دی ہے کہ اگر وہ جنگ ختم نہیں کرتا تو سخت پابندیوں اور ٹیرِف کا سامنا کرے گا۔ یہ بیان انھوں نے اسکاٹ لینڈ میں برطانوی وزیراعظم کیر اسٹارمر سے ملاقات کے دوران دیا۔

     ٹرمپ کی دھمکی: کیا ہے منصوبہ؟

    ٹرمپ نے روس کے صدر ولادیمیر پوتن پر بھی ناراضگی کا اظہار کیا، کہا: “میں پوتن سے شدید مایوس ہوں۔ میں نے پہلے 50 دن کا وقت دیا تھا، لیکن کوئی پیش رفت نہیں ہوئی۔ لہذا اب 10–12 دنوں کی نئی مہلت دے رہا ہوں۔ یہ انتظار بے معنی ہو چکا ہے۔”

    یہ بیان روس کیلئے ہی نہیں بلکہ پاکستان، چین اور بھارت جیسے ممالک کے لیے بھی ایک خطرہ ظاہر کرتا ہے جو روس سے توانائی کا تجارت کرتے ہیں۔

    روس کا رد عمل: “یہ مہلت خطرناک کھیل ہے”

    روسی حکام کی جانب سے ابھی تک واضح جواب سامنے نہیں آیا۔ تاہم سابق صدر دمیتری مدویڈیف نے X پر لکھا: “ٹرمپ کا یہ الٹی میٹم خطرناک کھیل ہے اور امریکہ کے ساتھ براہ راست جنگ کی راہ ہموار کر سکتا ہے۔ ہر نیا الٹی میٹم روس کے بجائے امریکہ کے ساتھ تصادم کی جانب قدم ہوتا ہے۔”

    14 جولائی کو، ٹرمپ نے پہلی بار 50 دن کی ڈیڈ لائن دی تھی، تب یہ دھمکی دی گئی کہ اگر صلح نہ ہوئی تو 100 فیصد ثانوی ٹیرِف عائد کیا جائے گا۔ اب اسے کم کر کے 10–12 دن کر دیا گیا ہے، اور ٹرمپ جلد اسے رسمی اعلان تبدیل کرنے کا ارادہ رکھتے ہیں۔

    اشتہار

    بھارت پر کیا اثر پڑ سکتا ہے؟

    بھارت اپنی توانائی کی تقریباً 40 فیصد ضروریات روس سے پوری کرتا ہے، اور جنوری–جون 2025 میں ایران سے تقریباً 17.5 لاکھ بیرل روزانہ درآمد کیے گئے، یہ گزشتہ سال سے 1% زیادہ ہے۔ اگر امریکہ بھارت پر 100 فیصد ٹیرِف عائد کر دے تو تیل کی قیمت دوگنی ہو سکتی ہے، جس کے باعث پٹرول-ڈیزل کی قیمتیں 8–12 روپے فی لیٹر تک بڑھ سکتی ہیں۔ اس سے مہنگائی اضافہ ہوگی، بنیادی ضروریات اور نقل و حمل مہنگی ہوں گی، نیز بھارت کی ادویات، ٹیکسٹائل، آئی ٹی سروسز اور آٹو پارٹس جیسی برآمدات میں بڑی رسک ہوگی۔ بھارت کا امریکہ سے $74 بلین کے برآمدات متاثر ہوں گے، جس سے روزگار اور سرمایہ کاری پر براہِ راست اثر پڑے گا۔

      امریکہ-روس توازن: بھارت کی سیاست کا دوراہا

    بھارت اور امریکہ 2030 تک $500 بلین تجارت اور مفت تجارت معاہدے کی کوشش کر رہے ہیں، لیکن ٹیرِف کی وجہ سے اس میں تاخیر ہو سکتی ہے۔ بھارت کا روس سے دفاع، تیل اور توانائی کے شعبے میں دیرینہ تعلق ہے، اور دباؤ میں آ کر بھارت روس سے دوری اختیار کرنے پر مجبور ہو سکتا ہے۔ بھارت نے دوہری معیارات کی حکمت عملی پر تنقید کی ہے، اور ممکن ہے کہ ٹیرِف کے سبب بھارت BRICS گروپ کی جانب پڑاو کرے یا امریکی جی پی ایس سسٹم سے بھی دوری اختیار کرے

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Henry
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  1. Iqra Saleem

    Major Elections in Japan: House of Representatives Election: Members elected to the lower house of the National Diet. House of Councillors Election: Election for the upper house of the National Diet. Local Elections: Includes elections for governors, mayors, and local assembly members. Prefectural ARead more

    Major Elections in Japan:

    1. House of Representatives Election:
      • Members elected to the lower house of the National Diet.
    2. House of Councillors Election:
      • Election for the upper house of the National Diet.
    3. Local Elections:
      • Includes elections for governors, mayors, and local assembly members.
    4. Prefectural Assembly Elections:
      • Elections for the legislative bodies in each prefecture.
    5. Municipal Elections:
      • Elections for city and town councils.
    6. Mayoral Elections:
      • Elections to choose mayors of cities and towns.
    7. Gubernatorial Elections:
      • Elections for prefectural governors.
    8. Referendums:
      • Occasional referendums on specific issues or constitutional changes.
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Lyla
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  1. Sanjay

    Distinguishing Physical Geography and Human Geography: Physical Geography: Focus: Concerned with natural features and phenomena on Earth. Topics: Landforms, climate, ecosystems, natural disasters, and geological processes. Example Question: "What factors contribute to the formation of different typeRead more

    Distinguishing Physical Geography and Human Geography:

    1. Physical Geography:
      • Focus: Concerned with natural features and phenomena on Earth.
      • Topics: Landforms, climate, ecosystems, natural disasters, and geological processes.
      • Example Question: “What factors contribute to the formation of different types of climates?”
    2. Human Geography:
      • Focus: Studies human activities, cultures, and their impact on the environment.
      • Topics: Population, migration, urbanization, cultural landscapes, and geopolitical issues.
      • Example Question: “How do economic factors influence patterns of migration in a region?”

    In essence, physical geography examines the natural aspects of the Earth, while human geography explores the interactions of humans with their environment and each other.

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Camila
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  1. jhony

    The Vietnam War has been the subject of numerous books, offering a range of perspectives and insights into one of the most significant events of the 20th century. Here are some notable books about the Vietnam War: "The Things They Carried" by Tim O'Brien: A collection of linked short stories exploriRead more

    The Vietnam War has been the subject of numerous books, offering a range of perspectives and insights into one of the most significant events of the 20th century. Here are some notable books about the Vietnam War:

    1. “The Things They Carried” by Tim O’Brien: A collection of linked short stories exploring the experiences of soldiers during the war, delving into the emotional and psychological impact of combat.
    2. “Dispatches” by Michael Herr: A firsthand account of the war by a journalist who covered it, providing a visceral and intense narrative of the events as they unfolded.
    3. “A Bright Shining Lie” by Neil Sheehan: A comprehensive biography of Lieutenant Colonel John Paul Vann, offering insights into the complexities of the war and the challenges faced by those involved.
    4. “We Were Soldiers Once… And Young” by Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway: Based on the Battle of Ia Drang, this book provides a detailed account of one of the earliest major engagements of the war.
    5. “The Quiet American” by Graham Greene: A fictional exploration of the early stages of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, offering a thought-provoking perspective on the political and personal aspects of the conflict.
    6. “Matterhorn” by Karl Marlantes: A novel that captures the brutal realities of the Vietnam War, drawing from the author’s own experiences as a Marine.
    7. “Vietnam: A History” by Stanley Karnow: A comprehensive historical account that covers the origins, events, and aftermath of the Vietnam War, offering a thorough examination of the conflict.

    These books collectively provide a multifaceted understanding of the Vietnam War, incorporating personal narratives, journalistic perspectives, and historical analyses.

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