Distinguishing Earthquakes and Volcanoes:

1. Nature of Occurrence:
   • Earthquake: Sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust, resulting in seismic waves.
   • Volcano: Eruption of magma, ash, and gases from beneath the Earth’s surface.
2. Cause:
   • Earthquake: Caused by tectonic plate movements, faults, or volcanic activity.
   • Volcano: Caused by the movement of magma through the Earth’s crust.
3. Manifestation:
   • Earthquake: Shaking or trembling of the ground without visible surface rupture.
   • Volcano: Eruption involves the release of lava, ash, and gases, often with visible surface changes.
4. Effect on Surface:
   • Earthquake: No direct surface rupture; energy release causes ground shaking.
   • Volcano: Creates new landforms, such as mountains or calderas, due to erupted materials.
5. Common Locations:
   • Earthquake: Can occur worldwide along tectonic plate boundaries or faults.
   • Volcano: Often found near tectonic plate boundaries or hotspots.
6. Warning Signs:
   • Earthquake: Sudden onset with limited warning.
   • Volcano: Signs may include increased seismic activity, gas emissions, or ground deformation, allowing for some warning.

Understanding these differences is crucial for preparedness and response to seismic and volcanic events.