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Ali1234Researcher
In: India, oil, Russia

Cheap oil imports from Russia and Trump's threat: Can India stop trade with its old ally under American pressure?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 22, 2025 at 8:11 am

    India faces a complex balancing act between its historical strategic partnership with Russia, including significant defense ties and discounted oil imports, and the potential economic repercussions of US secondary sanctions threatened by the current US administration. Here's a breakdown of the situaRead more

    India faces a complex balancing act between its historical strategic partnership with Russia, including significant defense ties and discounted oil imports, and the potential economic repercussions of US secondary sanctions threatened by the current US administration.
    Here’s a breakdown of the situation:
    1. India’s Reliance on Russian Oil:
    * Since the Ukraine conflict began in February 2022, India has significantly increased its imports of discounted Russian oil, which now accounts for approximately one-third of its total oil imports, compared to less than 1% before the war. This has been a pragmatic economic decision for India, a major oil importer.
    * Indian refiners have been able to process this discounted crude into refined products like diesel and jet fuel, some of which have been re-exported, including to Europe.
    2. Trump’s Threat of Secondary Sanctions:
    * President Trump has announced a threat of 100% tariffs on Russian exports, including oil, and an “equivalent secondary tariff” on countries importing Russian shipments. This threat comes with a 50-day deadline for Russia to end the war in Ukraine.
    * Crucially, these proposed secondary tariffs, unlike previous ones, could apply to all merchandise exports from a country, not just entities directly dealing with sanctioned Russian entities. This could severely impact India’s $45.7 billion trade surplus with the US, affecting key sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and IT services.
    * US senators have also proposed even more severe tariffs, potentially up to 500%, on imported goods from countries that continue to purchase Russian oil, gas, and other products.
    * NATO’s Secretary General has also warned India, China, and Brazil about potential secondary sanctions for their continued commercial relations with Russia.
    3. India’s Response and Options:
    * Official Stance: India’s Oil Minister Hardeep Singh Puri has stated confidence in India’s ability to meet its energy requirements, even if Russian oil imports face sanctions or secondary tariffs. He indicated that alternative supplies are available globally, albeit at a higher cost.
    * Economic Impact: While Russian oil offers discounts, the potential cost of tariffs on India’s merchandise exports to the US could far outweigh these benefits. Indian refiners might be forced to revert to traditional West Asian suppliers and explore new sources like Brazil, which would likely lead to higher import costs.
    * Strategic Maneuvering: Some Indian oil industry officials interpret Trump’s threat as a negotiation tactic, suggesting it might have minimal actual impact on global oil trade or India’s Russian crude purchases. India and the US are also in ongoing discussions for a bilateral trade deal, and imposing such tariffs could derail these negotiations.
    * Adaptation: Indian refiners might consider segregating their output, using Russian oil for domestic sales or Asian exports, and sourcing from other nations for European markets, though this would not be seamless.
    4. India’s Strategic Relationship with Russia:
    * Beyond oil, India and Russia share a “special and privileged strategic partnership” with deep historical roots, particularly in defense, civil nuclear energy, and anti-terrorism cooperation. Russia remains a crucial supplier of defense equipment to India.
    * Both countries are members of BRICS, G20, and SCO, and Russia supports India’s bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
    Can India stop trade with its old ally under American pressure?
    It’s a difficult decision for India. Completely halting trade with Russia, especially oil imports, would be a significant economic and strategic shift.
    * Pressure to Comply: The threat of broad secondary tariffs targeting all of India’s exports to the US is a powerful economic leverage. Given the significant volume of trade between India and the US, and India’s aspirations for a trade deal, the pressure is substantial.
    * Maintaining Strategic Autonomy: India highly values its strategic autonomy and non-alignment. Yielding completely to US pressure might be seen as compromising this principle and abandoning a long-standing ally.
    * Finding a Balance: India will likely seek to navigate this situation by exploring options that minimize economic damage while attempting to maintain its strategic relationships. This could involve gradually reducing dependence on Russian oil, diversifying its import sources, and emphasizing its own national interests in energy security.
    Ultimately, India’s decision will be a careful calculation of economic costs, strategic imperatives, and its commitment to maintaining a multi-aligned foreign policy in a complex geopolitical landscape.

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Ali1234Researcher
In: smoking

So how can you control cravings and increased hunger after quitting smoking?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 22, 2025 at 7:49 am

    It's common to experience increased hunger and cravings after quitting smoking. This is due to a combination of factors: * Nicotine's effect on metabolism: Nicotine speeds up your metabolism, so when you stop smoking, your body burns calories more slowly. * Appetite suppression: Nicotine also acts aRead more

    It’s common to experience increased hunger and cravings after quitting smoking. This is due to a combination of factors:
    * Nicotine’s effect on metabolism: Nicotine speeds up your metabolism, so when you stop smoking, your body burns calories more slowly.
    * Appetite suppression: Nicotine also acts as an appetite suppressant, so when it’s removed, your appetite can increase.
    * Improved senses: Your taste and smell improve after quitting, making food more appealing.
    * Behavioral replacement: You might unconsciously replace the habit of smoking with eating, especially when you’re stressed, bored, or in situations where you used to smoke.
    * Cravings overlap: Nicotine withdrawal can lead to cravings for high-fat, high-sugar, and salty foods.
    Here’s how you can control cravings and increased hunger after quitting smoking:
    1. Healthy Eating Strategies:
    * Plan your meals and snacks: Don’t wait until you’re ravenous. Having healthy options readily available can prevent you from reaching for unhealthy, high-calorie foods.
    * Eat regular, smaller meals: Instead of 3 large meals, try 4-6 smaller meals throughout the day to keep your blood sugar steady and prevent extreme hunger.
    * Focus on nutrient-dense foods:
    * Fruits and vegetables: Keep them handy for snacks. They’re low in calories, high in fiber, and can satisfy the urge to chew. Examples: carrots, celery, apples, berries.
    * Lean proteins: Help you feel full and satisfied.
    * Whole grains: Provide sustained energy.
    * Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water. Sometimes thirst can be mistaken for hunger. Carry a water bottle and sip throughout the day. Herbal tea or sparkling water with fruit can also be good options.
    * Mindful eating:
    * Eat slowly and savor your food.
    * Pay attention to your hunger and fullness cues. Are you truly hungry, or are you eating out of habit, boredom, or stress?
    * Avoid distractions while eating (like TV or your phone).
    * Limit unhealthy foods: Reduce processed foods, sugary drinks, high-fat snacks, and excessive salt. These can contribute to weight gain and may even trigger cravings.
    * Be aware of portion sizes: Use smaller plates and measure out snacks. If you’re still hungry after your meal, wait 10 minutes before getting seconds to see if the hunger passes.
    2. Manage Cravings (The 4 Ds):
    * Delay: Cravings usually pass within a few minutes. Tell yourself you’ll wait 5-10 minutes, and often the urge will subside.
    * Distract: Engage in an activity that takes your mind off the craving.
    * Call a friend or family member.
    * Go for a walk or do some light exercise.
    * Chew sugar-free gum or suck on a hard candy.
    * Do a short relaxation exercise or deep breathing.
    * Engage in a hobby.
    * Drink Water: As mentioned, sometimes thirst is mistaken for hunger.
    * Deep Breathe: Take several slow, deep breaths to help calm your mind and body.
    3. Lifestyle Adjustments:
    * Exercise regularly: Physical activity not only burns calories but also helps reduce stress, boost your mood, and can suppress cravings. Even short bursts of activity can make a difference.
    * Get enough sleep: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite, leading to increased hunger.
    * Find alternative coping mechanisms: Identify what triggers your desire to eat after quitting smoking (e.g., stress, boredom). Develop healthy ways to cope, such as:
    * Engaging in hobbies.
    * Practicing mindfulness or meditation.
    * Spending time with supportive friends and family.
    * Taking a relaxing bath.
    * Keep your hands and mouth busy: If you miss the oral fixation of smoking, try chewing gum, sugar-free mints, healthy crunchy snacks (like carrot sticks), or even a straw or toothpick.
    4. Seek Support:
    * Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) or medications: Products like nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, or prescription medications (like bupropion or varenicline) can help manage withdrawal symptoms, including cravings and potentially hunger. Talk to your doctor about these options.
    * Talk to a healthcare professional: If you’re struggling significantly with hunger or weight gain, consult your doctor or a dietitian. They can provide personalized advice and support.
    * Support groups or quitlines: Connecting with others who understand what you’re going through can be incredibly helpful.
    Remember, quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do for your health, even if you experience some temporary weight gain. Focus on building healthy habits, and be kind to yourself during this transition.

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Ali1234Researcher
In: smoking

Benefits of quitting smoking

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 22, 2025 at 7:42 am

    Quitting smoking is one of the most beneficial things you can do for your health, regardless of how long you've smoked or how old you are. The positive effects begin almost immediately and continue to accumulate over time, significantly reducing your risk of numerous diseases and improving your overRead more

    Quitting smoking is one of the most beneficial things you can do for your health, regardless of how long you’ve smoked or how old you are. The positive effects begin almost immediately and continue to accumulate over time, significantly reducing your risk of numerous diseases and improving your overall quality of life.
    Here’s a timeline of benefits:
    Immediate Benefits (Within minutes to days):
    * 20 minutes: Your heart rate and blood pressure begin to drop to normal levels. The temperature of your hands and feet returns to normal.
    * 12-24 hours: Carbon monoxide levels in your blood drop to normal, increasing oxygen levels in your blood. Your risk of heart attack begins to decrease.
    * 48 hours: Nerve endings start to regrow, and your ability to smell and taste is enhanced, making food more enjoyable.
    * 72 hours: Breathing becomes easier as bronchial tubes relax, and lung capacity increases. Your energy levels may rise.
    Short-Term Benefits (Within weeks to months):
    * 2 weeks to 3 months: Your circulation improves, and lung function increases by up to 30%. Walking and exercise become easier.
    * 1 to 9 months: Coughing and shortness of breath decrease. Your lungs produce less mucus and become more efficient at cleaning themselves, reducing the risk of infection. Your immune system improves, making you less susceptible to colds and flu.
    * 1 month: Your skin appearance may improve, and any wrinkles might be reduced. Your breath, hair, and clothes smell better, and yellowing of teeth and fingernails may lessen.
    Long-Term Benefits (Within years):
    * 1 year: Your risk of coronary heart disease is cut in half compared to a smoker. Your heart attack risk drops dramatically.
    * 2-5 years: Your risk of stroke is reduced to that of a non-smoker. Your risk of mouth, throat, esophagus, and bladder cancers are significantly reduced (often by half).
    * 10 years: Your risk of dying from lung cancer is about half that of a person who still smokes. Your risk of cancers of the bladder, esophagus, and kidney also decrease.
    * 15 years: Your risk of coronary heart disease is close to that of someone who has never smoked.
    * 20 years: Your risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box drops to close to that of someone who does not smoke. Your risk of pancreatic cancer also drops significantly, and the added risk of cervical cancer is about halved.
    Overall Benefits:
    * Increased life expectancy: Quitting smoking can add as much as 10 years to your life expectancy.
    * Improved health status and quality of life: You’ll generally feel better, have more energy, and experience fewer chronic health issues.
    * Reduced risk of numerous diseases: This includes cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, stroke, coronary heart disease), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various cancers (lung, throat, mouth, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, cervical, liver, colon).
    * Better reproductive health: For both men and women, fertility levels improve, and for pregnant women, there’s a reduced risk of complications like low birth weight, premature labor, and miscarriage.
    * Financial savings: Smoking is expensive. Quitting saves you a significant amount of money that can be used for other purposes.
    * Improved appearance: Better skin, whiter teeth, and fresher breath are often noticeable benefits.
    * Protection for loved ones: You eliminate the dangers of secondhand smoke for your family and friends, especially children, reducing their risk of respiratory diseases, ear infections, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
    * Greater freedom: You won’t be tied to needing a cigarette, allowing for more social freedom and ease in various environments.
    Quitting smoking is a powerful step towards a healthier and longer life.

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Ali1234Researcher
In: Dessert, fatty, smoking

How to avoid too many sweet and fatty foods when quitting smoking?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 22, 2025 at 7:40 am

    It's common to crave sweet and fatty foods when quitting smoking. This is due to a combination of factors: * Improved taste and smell: As your senses recover, food becomes more enjoyable. * Nicotine withdrawal: Nicotine affects brain chemicals (like serotonin and dopamine) that regulate appetite, anRead more

    It’s common to crave sweet and fatty foods when quitting smoking. This is due to a combination of factors:
    * Improved taste and smell: As your senses recover, food becomes more enjoyable.
    * Nicotine withdrawal: Nicotine affects brain chemicals (like serotonin and dopamine) that regulate appetite, and their absence can increase hunger and cravings for high-calorie foods.
    * Oral fixation: You may substitute the act of smoking with eating to keep your hands and mouth busy.
    * Coping mechanism: Food can become a way to deal with stress, boredom, or other emotions previously managed by smoking.
    Here’s how to manage those cravings and avoid overdoing it with sweet and fatty foods:
    1. Understand and Anticipate the Cravings:
    * It’s normal: Know that increased appetite and cravings for sweets/fats are common withdrawal symptoms. This knowledge can help you not feel discouraged.
    * The worst passes: The intense cravings usually peak in the first few weeks, and then gradually subside.
    2. Strategize Your Food Choices:
    * Focus on healthy snacks: Stock up on ready-to-eat healthy alternatives that satisfy your oral fixation and provide nutrients without excess calories.
    * Fruits: Fresh, frozen, or dried fruits (apples, berries, oranges, grapes, kiwi, bananas, pomegranates). They offer natural sweetness and fiber.
    * Vegetables: Carrot sticks, celery, cucumber, bell peppers, cherry tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower. These are crunchy and low in calories.
    * Nuts and Seeds: Unsalted almonds, walnuts, pistachios, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds. They provide healthy fats, protein, and fiber to keep you full. (Portion control is key with nuts!)
    * Dairy: Plain or low-sugar yogurt (add fruit for sweetness), cottage cheese, string cheese.
    * Whole Grains: Whole-grain crackers, air-popped popcorn (plain), whole-wheat toast. These help stabilize blood sugar.
    * Dark Chocolate (70% cocoa or higher): A small piece can satisfy a sweet craving and has some health benefits.
    * Prioritize protein and fiber: These keep you feeling full longer and help stabilize blood sugar, reducing sudden cravings.
    * Small, frequent meals: Eating several smaller meals throughout the day can help maintain steady blood sugar levels and prevent extreme hunger that leads to unhealthy choices.
    * Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Sometimes thirst can be mistaken for hunger. Sparkling water with a splash of fruit juice can also be a good alternative to sugary sodas.
    * Limit trigger foods: Be mindful of foods and drinks that might make you crave cigarettes or unhealthy snacks. These often include:
    * Sugary foods
    * Alcohol
    * Caffeine (consider switching to herbal tea)
    * Processed meats
    3. Address the Behavioral and Emotional Aspects:
    * Keep your mouth busy:
    * Chew sugar-free gum or mints.
    * Suck on sugar-free candies or cinnamon sticks.
    * Use toothpicks.
    * Sip water through a straw.
    * Keep your hands busy: Engage in hobbies, crafts, or activities that occupy your hands and mind.
    * Mindful eating: Pay attention to why you’re eating. Are you truly hungry, or are you bored, stressed, or anxious?
    * Eat slowly and savor your food.
    * Avoid eating in front of the TV or other screens.
    * Find alternative coping mechanisms: Instead of reaching for food when stressed or bored, try:
    * Going for a walk
    * Listening to music
    * Calling a friend
    * Taking a bath
    * Deep breathing exercises
    * Don’t use food as a reward: Reward yourself with non-food items, like a movie, a new book, or an activity.
    4. Incorporate Lifestyle Changes:
    * Exercise regularly: Physical activity not only burns calories but also helps manage stress, improve mood, and can reduce cravings for both nicotine and unhealthy foods. Start with gentle activities like walking and gradually increase intensity.
    * Get enough sleep: Lack of sleep can disrupt hormones that regulate appetite, leading to increased hunger and cravings.
    * Plan ahead: Prepare healthy snacks and meals in advance so you’re not caught off guard by cravings and reach for convenient, unhealthy options.
    * Seek support: Talk to your doctor, a nutritionist, or a smoking cessation counselor. They can offer personalized advice and support. Some medications (like bupropion) can also help manage weight gain after quitting.
    Remember, quitting smoking is a huge accomplishment, and a little weight gain might occur as a side effect. Focus on the immense health benefits of being smoke-free, and use these strategies to manage your food choices in a healthy and sustainable way.

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Ali1234Researcher
In: Crypto Coin, Mango, Pakistan

What wonders did Pakistan's 'mango' show?

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Ali1234Researcher
In: Bangladesh, Crypto Coin, Diplomacy, Mango, Politics-India

Bangladesh gifts 25 mangoes to Narendra Modi: Will 'mango diplomacy' bring sweetness to bitter relations?

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Ali1234Researcher
In: oil, Russia

How much oil does Russia export?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 21, 2025 at 1:45 am

    Russia is a major global oil exporter, but the exact figures for its exports fluctuate due to various factors, including sanctions, market demand, and production levels. Based on recent reports (as of June/July 2025): Crude Oil Exports: Russia exports approximately 4.5-5.0 million barrels per day (mRead more

    Russia is a major global oil exporter, but the exact figures for its exports fluctuate due to various factors, including sanctions, market demand, and production levels.

    Based on recent reports (as of June/July 2025):

    • Crude Oil Exports: Russia exports approximately 4.5-5.0 million barrels per day (mbd) of crude oil. This constitutes about 5% of global consumption.
    • Processed Petroleum Products: Additionally, Russia supplies roughly 2 million barrels per day (mbd) of processed petroleum products (like diesel, fuel oil, etc.) to international markets.
    • Total Oil Exports: Combining crude and refined products, Russia’s total oil exports are generally in the range of 6.5-7.0 million barrels per day.

    Key trends and destinations:

    • Shift to Asia: Due to sanctions from Western countries, Russia has significantly reoriented its oil exports towards Asian markets, particularly China and India.
      • China has purchased around 47% of Russia’s crude exports.
      • India has purchased about 38% of Russia’s crude exports.
    • Reduced Exports to EU: The EU’s import bans on seaborne Russian oil have drastically reduced direct exports to Europe, though some pipeline oil still flows to certain EU countries under exemptions. The EU’s share of Russian crude exports is currently around 6%.
    • “Shadow Fleet”: A significant portion of Russian oil is transported by a “shadow fleet” of tankers operating outside of Western sanctions regimes to circumvent price caps and other restrictions. However, recent EU sanctions are increasingly targeting these vessels.
    • Dynamic Market: Export volumes and revenues are subject to change based on global oil prices, the effectiveness of sanctions, and Russia’s ability to maintain production and find new buyers.

    It’s important to note that these figures are estimates and can vary depending on the source and the reporting period. The situation is constantly evolving due to geopolitical factors and the ongoing impact of sanction

     
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Ali1234Researcher
In: Crypto Coin, oil, Sanctions

What sanctions have been imposed on Russian oil and gas?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 21, 2025 at 1:43 am

    In response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, a comprehensive set of sanctions has been imposed on Russian oil and gas by various international actors, primarily the European Union (EU), G7 nations, and Australia. These sanctions aim to significantly reduce Russia's revenue from energy exports, whichRead more

    In response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a comprehensive set of sanctions has been imposed on Russian oil and gas by various international actors, primarily the European Union (EU), G7 nations, and Australia. These sanctions aim to significantly reduce Russia’s revenue from energy exports, which fund its war efforts.

    Here’s a breakdown of the key sanctions:

    1. Oil Price Cap:

    • G7 and EU Initiative: The G7 nations, in coordination with the EU and Australia, established a price cap on seaborne Russian crude oil. Initially set at $60 per barrel in December 2022, the EU recently lowered it to $47.60 per barrel as part of its 18th sanctions package (effective September 3, 2025).
    • Mechanism: This cap prevents EU and G7 operators from providing services (such as shipping, insurance, and financing) for the maritime transport of Russian crude oil and refined petroleum products if they are sold above the specified price cap.
    • Dynamic Review: The EU’s latest package also introduced a dynamic review mechanism for the oil price cap, ensuring it remains at a certain percentage (e.g., 15%) below the average market price of Urals crude over a six-month period. This aims to ensure predictability for operators while maintaining downward pressure on Russian revenues.
    • Refined Products: Separate price caps are in place for refined oil products: $100 per barrel for high-value products (like diesel and petrol) and $45 per barrel for low-value products (like fuel oil). These remain unaffected by the recent crude oil price cap adjustment.

    2. Import Bans and Embargoes:

    • EU Seaborne Oil Ban: The EU has prohibited the import of seaborne crude oil and refined petroleum products from Russia. This largely came into effect in December 2022.
    • Coal Ban: The EU has an import ban on all forms of Russian coal.
    • LNG Restrictions:
      • A ban on future investments in, and exports to, liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects under construction in Russia.
      • A ban on the use of EU ports for the transshipment of Russian LNG.
      • A ban on the import of Russian LNG into specific terminals not connected to the EU gas pipeline network.
      • Prohibiting Russian nationals or entities from booking gas storage capacity in EU Member States.
    • Pipeline Oil (Limited Exceptions): While the seaborne ban is extensive, some exceptions for pipeline oil initially existed for certain EU countries heavily reliant on Russian supply. However, Germany and Poland have ended the possibility to import Russian oil by pipeline.
    • Refined Products from Third Countries: A significant new measure in the EU’s latest package is a ban on the import of refined petroleum products made from Russian crude oil and coming from any third country (with exceptions for Canada, Norway, Switzerland, the UK, and the US). This targets countries like India and Turkey that have been refining Russian crude and exporting it to the EU.

    3. Targeting the “Shadow Fleet”:

    • Vessel Sanctions: The EU, G7, and the US have directly sanctioned numerous oil-carrying vessels suspected of involvement in violating the price cap or hiding the origin of Russian oil.
    • Monitoring and Enforcement: Measures have been introduced to monitor the sale of tankers to third countries and pressure flag countries to better check for price cap breaches. The EU has blacklisted over 400 vessels in Russia’s “shadow fleet.”
    • Port Access Prohibition: The EU prohibits access to European ports for vessels suspected of having been involved in transshipment of Russian oil at a price higher than the price cap or having turned off their Automatic Identification System (AIS) trackers.

    4. Technology and Services Bans:

    • Refining Technologies: A ban on exports of specific refining technologies to Russia, making it harder and more costly for Russia to upgrade its oil refineries.
    • Oil and Gas Exploration Software: A ban on the export, supply, or provision of oil and gas exploration software to Russia.
    • U.S. Petroleum Services: The U.S. has prohibited the provision of U.S. petroleum services to persons located in Russia, aiming to cut off Russia’s access to U.S. services related to the extraction and production of crude oil and other petroleum products.

    5. Financial and Business Measures:

    • Investment Ban: A far-reaching ban on new EU investments across the Russian energy sector, with limited exceptions for civil nuclear energy and the transport of certain energy products back to the EU.
    • Banking Restrictions: Sanctions on Russia’s banking sector to limit Moscow’s ability to raise capital and carry out international transactions.
    • Nord Stream Pipelines: A ban on future transactions via both Nord Stream pipelines, which are currently non-operational.

    Impact: These sanctions have had a significant impact on Russia’s energy revenues, forcing Russia to seek new markets, often selling oil at discounted prices. They have also led to the growth of a “shadow fleet” and complex supply chains to circumvent restrictions. While challenging to enforce completely, the sanctions aim to continue squeezing Russia’s financial resources for the war.

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Ali1234Researcher
In: Countries, Crypto Coin, oil, Russia, Ukraine

Ukraine, Russia conflict: How dependent are countries around the world on Russian oil and gas?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 21, 2025 at 1:42 am

    Before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russia was a global energy powerhouse, supplying a significant portion of the world's oil, natural gas, and coal. Its role as an energy exporter gave it considerable leverage, particularly over Europe. Here's a breakdown of global dependencRead more

    Before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russia was a global energy powerhouse, supplying a significant portion of the world’s oil, natural gas, and coal. Its role as an energy exporter gave it considerable leverage, particularly over Europe.

    Here’s a breakdown of global dependence on Russian oil and gas, and how it has changed:

    Oil Dependence:

    • Before the War: Russia was the world’s second-largest exporter of crude oil after Saudi Arabia. Europe was its primary customer. In 2021, the EU imported about 4.5 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil from Russia, accounting for roughly 34% of its total oil imports. Some individual European countries had even higher dependencies.
    • Post-Invasion & Sanctions (Current as of July 2025): Western sanctions, including the G7 price cap on Russian oil, have dramatically reshaped global oil flows.
      • Europe: The EU has significantly reduced its direct imports of Russian oil. By the end of 2022, official EU imports of Russian oil had fallen by about 90%. However, some Russian oil still reaches Europe via “third countries” after being refined (a “refining loophole”) or through illicit imports. Hungary, for example, remains a significant importer of Russian fossil fuels in the EU.
      • Asia (New Major Buyers): Russia has successfully redirected much of its oil exports to Asian markets, selling at discounted prices.
        • China: Has become Russia’s largest buyer of crude oil, purchasing around 47% of Russia’s crude exports as of June 2025.
        • India: Has emerged as the second-largest purchaser, buying approximately 38% of Russia’s crude exports. Its imports from Russia have skyrocketed since the invasion, now making up over 35% of India’s total oil imports.
        • Turkey: Also increased its imports of Russian oil.
      • Other Regions: Brazil has also increased its imports of Russian oil products. Some Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and the UAE have also increased imports of cheaper Russian fuel oil for domestic power generation or re-export as bunker fuel, freeing up their own crude for more lucrative markets.

    Natural Gas Dependence:

    • Before the War: Europe was overwhelmingly dependent on Russian natural gas, primarily delivered via an extensive network of pipelines. Russia supplied roughly 40% of all imported gas to the EU in 2021, reaching about 142 billion cubic meters (bcm). For some individual countries like Germany, Austria, and Latvia, the reliance was much higher, in some cases exceeding 50% or even 80%.
    • Post-Invasion & Sanctions (Current as of July 2025): This is where the most dramatic shift has occurred, particularly for Europe. Russia significantly cut gas flows to Europe, and the Nord Stream pipelines were sabotaged.
      • Europe: Europe has drastically reduced its direct pipeline gas imports from Russia. The volume fell from 142 bcm in the year before the invasion to just 31 bcm in 2024, and potentially as low as 16-18 bcm in 2025. The transit contract via Ukraine also expired at the end of 2024 and was not renewed, further limiting pipeline routes. The only remaining major pipeline bringing Russian gas to the EU is TurkStream, which primarily supplies countries in Southeast Europe.
      • Replacement Strategies: Europe has rapidly diversified its gas sources by:
        • Increasing imports of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), primarily from the US, Qatar, and other producers.
        • Boosting pipeline gas imports from Norway, Azerbaijan, and Algeria.
        • Implementing significant energy conservation measures and accelerating the deployment of renewable energy.
      • Remaining Dependent EU States: While overall EU dependence is down, a few countries, notably Hungary and Slovakia, still maintain significant reliance on Russian gas due to historical infrastructure and specific agreements.
      • China: Russia is actively pursuing new pipeline projects (e.g., Power of Siberia 2) to increase gas exports to China, aiming to offset lost European demand.

    Overall Impact:

    • The Ukraine conflict has forced a major recalibration of global energy markets.
    • Europe has significantly reduced its reliance on Russian fossil fuels, particularly gas, at a considerable economic cost and through massive efforts in diversification and renewables.
    • Asian countries, especially China and India, have stepped in to become the primary buyers of discounted Russian oil, allowing Russia to largely maintain its export volumes despite Western sanctions.
    • The global energy map is becoming more multipolar, with new trade routes and supplier-buyer relationships emerging.
    • However, for many countries, fully divorcing from Russian energy remains a complex and ongoing challenge, highlighting the deep interdependencies that existed before the conflict.
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Ali1234Researcher
In: India, oil

Where does India buy oil from?

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  1. Ali1234 Researcher
    Added an answer on July 21, 2025 at 1:40 am

    India, being the world's third-largest oil consumer and heavily reliant on imports (over 85% of its crude oil needs), diversifies its sources to ensure energy security and get the best prices. While the specific proportions can fluctuate monthly due to market dynamics, geopolitical events, and priciRead more

    India, being the world’s third-largest oil consumer and heavily reliant on imports (over 85% of its crude oil needs), diversifies its sources to ensure energy security and get the best prices.

    While the specific proportions can fluctuate monthly due to market dynamics, geopolitical events, and pricing, India’s main oil suppliers generally include:

    1. Russia: Since the Ukraine crisis, Russia has emerged as India’s single largest crude oil supplier, offering significant discounts. Its share has jumped dramatically from less than 2% before the conflict to often over 35% of India’s total imports.
    2. Iraq: Historically, Iraq has been one of India’s top suppliers for many years, providing a steady flow of crude.
    3. Saudi Arabia: Another traditional major supplier from the Middle East, Saudi Arabia remains a significant source for India, although its share can fluctuate based on pricing and OPEC+ decisions.
    4. United Arab Emirates (UAE): The UAE is also a consistent and important crude oil supplier to India, providing a variety of grades.
    5. United States: The US has become an increasingly important supplier to India in recent years as India diversifies away from its traditional Middle Eastern sources and seeks various crude grades.

    Beyond these top players, India also imports oil from a range of other countries to further diversify its supply, including:

    • Nigeria
    • Brazil
    • Canada
    • Kuwait
    • Angola
    • And others as market conditions and pricing opportunities arise.

    India’s strategy is to avoid over-reliance on any single region or country, ensuring it has options if one supply source is disrupted or becomes uneconomical.

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