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Karan
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  1. Sunil

    Distinguishing Conventional War from Nuclear War: Nature of Weapons: Conventional War: Involves traditional weaponry like guns, tanks, and aircraft. Nuclear War: Involves the use of nuclear weapons, capable of mass destruction and long-term environmental impact. Scale of Destruction: Conventional WaRead more

    Distinguishing Conventional War from Nuclear War:

    1. Nature of Weapons:
      • Conventional War: Involves traditional weaponry like guns, tanks, and aircraft.
      • Nuclear War: Involves the use of nuclear weapons, capable of mass destruction and long-term environmental impact.
    2. Scale of Destruction:
      • Conventional War: Results in localized damage, typically limited to military targets.
      • Nuclear War: Causes catastrophic, widespread destruction with long-lasting consequences, affecting civilians and the environment.
    3. Casualties and Impact:
      • Conventional War: Results in casualties and destruction but tends to have a more contained impact.
      • Nuclear War: Causes massive casualties, immediate and long-term health issues, and environmental devastation.
    4. International Consequences:
      • Conventional War: Generally involves limited international fallout.
      • Nuclear War: Has severe global repercussions, affecting countries not directly involved through radiation, nuclear fallout, and geopolitical consequences.
    5. Intent and Strategy:
      • Conventional War: Focused on achieving military objectives and territorial gains.
      • Nuclear War: Generally avoided due to the catastrophic consequences, with strategies often centered around deterrence.

    Understanding these differences underscores the critical importance of preventing the use of nuclear weapons and promoting diplomatic solutions to conflicts.

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Parvati
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  1. Zia

    The Union won the American Civil War. The American Civil War was fought between the Union (also known as the North) and the Confederacy (also known as the South) from 1861 to 1865. The war was primarily fought over the issue of slavery. The South seceded from the Union after Abraham Lincoln was elecRead more

    The Union won the American Civil War.

    The American Civil War was fought between the Union (also known as the North) and the Confederacy (also known as the South) from 1861 to 1865. The war was primarily fought over the issue of slavery. The South seceded from the Union after Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860 on a platform that opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories.

    The war was long and bloody, with over 600,000 soldiers killed and millions more wounded. The Union ultimately won the war in 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.

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Karan
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  1. Sunil

    Civil War: Scope: Civil wars occur within a single country or state. Parties Involved: Fought between factions or groups within the same nation. Goals: Often driven by internal issues like political, social, or economic differences. International Involvement: Typically, external nations may refrainRead more

    Civil War:

    • Scope: Civil wars occur within a single country or state.
    • Parties Involved: Fought between factions or groups within the same nation.
    • Goals: Often driven by internal issues like political, social, or economic differences.
    • International Involvement: Typically, external nations may refrain from direct military involvement.

    International War:

    • Scope: Involves armed conflict between two or more sovereign states.
    • Parties Involved: Nations or states are the primary actors in international wars.
    • Goals: Can arise from territorial disputes, ideological differences, or geopolitical reasons.
    • International Involvement: Multiple countries may participate directly or indirectly, aligning with one of the conflicting nations.
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Parvati
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  1. Zia

    World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 milRead more

    World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as “the war to end all wars”, it led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history.

    The main belligerents were the Allies (France, the Russian Empire, Great Britain, Italy, and from 1917, the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria).

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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    During the recent 12-day war, Iran targeted five Israeli military bases. Reports, citing radar and satellite data reviewed by researchers at Oregon State University, indicate that six Iranian missiles struck these five sites across northern, central, and southern Israel. The targeted locations reporRead more

    During the recent 12-day war, Iran targeted five Israeli military bases.
    Reports, citing radar and satellite data reviewed by researchers at Oregon State University, indicate that six Iranian missiles struck these five sites across northern, central, and southern Israel. The targeted locations reportedly included:
    * Camp Zipporit base (near Nazareth)
    * Camp Glilot (intelligence base)
    * Tel Nof airbase
    * An intelligence collection center
    * A major logistics facility
    It’s important to note that Israeli authorities did not disclose these strikes at the time due to strict military censorship laws.

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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    Russia Ukraine war: بھارت اگرچہ روس-یوکرین جنگ میں اب تک غیر جانبدار رہا ہے، لیکن امریکی صدر ڈونالڈ ٹرمپ نے اب اسے اس تنازع میں گھسیٹنے کا ارادہ ظاہر کیا ہے۔ وہ روس پر عائد پابندیوں کو سخت کرنے کا الٹی میٹم دے رہے ہیں، جس کا براہِ راست اثر بھارت کی معیشت پر پڑ سکتا ہے۔ آئیے آپ کو بتاتے ہیں کہ آخر ٹرRead more

    Russia Ukraine war: بھارت اگرچہ روس-یوکرین جنگ میں اب تک غیر جانبدار رہا ہے، لیکن امریکی صدر ڈونالڈ ٹرمپ نے اب اسے اس تنازع میں گھسیٹنے کا ارادہ ظاہر کیا ہے۔ وہ روس پر عائد پابندیوں کو سخت کرنے کا الٹی میٹم دے رہے ہیں، جس کا براہِ راست اثر بھارت کی معیشت پر پڑ سکتا ہے۔ آئیے آپ کو بتاتے ہیں کہ آخر ٹرمپ کا منصوبہ کیا ہے اور وہ بھارت کو دھمکی کیوں دے رہے ہیں

    اسکاٹ لینڈ: امریکی صدر ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ نے ایک بار پھر روس-یوکرین جنگ کے حوالے سے اپنی ڈیڈ لائن دہرا دی ہے۔ انہوں نے روس کو 10 سے 12 دن کی نئی بالواسطہ مہلت دی ہے کہ اگر وہ جنگ ختم نہیں کرتا تو سخت پابندیوں اور ٹیرِف کا سامنا کرے گا۔ یہ بیان انھوں نے اسکاٹ لینڈ میں برطانوی وزیراعظم کیر اسٹارمر سے ملاقات کے دوران دیا۔

     ٹرمپ کی دھمکی: کیا ہے منصوبہ؟

    ٹرمپ نے روس کے صدر ولادیمیر پوتن پر بھی ناراضگی کا اظہار کیا، کہا: “میں پوتن سے شدید مایوس ہوں۔ میں نے پہلے 50 دن کا وقت دیا تھا، لیکن کوئی پیش رفت نہیں ہوئی۔ لہذا اب 10–12 دنوں کی نئی مہلت دے رہا ہوں۔ یہ انتظار بے معنی ہو چکا ہے۔”

    یہ بیان روس کیلئے ہی نہیں بلکہ پاکستان، چین اور بھارت جیسے ممالک کے لیے بھی ایک خطرہ ظاہر کرتا ہے جو روس سے توانائی کا تجارت کرتے ہیں۔

    روس کا رد عمل: “یہ مہلت خطرناک کھیل ہے”

    روسی حکام کی جانب سے ابھی تک واضح جواب سامنے نہیں آیا۔ تاہم سابق صدر دمیتری مدویڈیف نے X پر لکھا: “ٹرمپ کا یہ الٹی میٹم خطرناک کھیل ہے اور امریکہ کے ساتھ براہ راست جنگ کی راہ ہموار کر سکتا ہے۔ ہر نیا الٹی میٹم روس کے بجائے امریکہ کے ساتھ تصادم کی جانب قدم ہوتا ہے۔”

    14 جولائی کو، ٹرمپ نے پہلی بار 50 دن کی ڈیڈ لائن دی تھی، تب یہ دھمکی دی گئی کہ اگر صلح نہ ہوئی تو 100 فیصد ثانوی ٹیرِف عائد کیا جائے گا۔ اب اسے کم کر کے 10–12 دن کر دیا گیا ہے، اور ٹرمپ جلد اسے رسمی اعلان تبدیل کرنے کا ارادہ رکھتے ہیں۔

    اشتہار

    بھارت پر کیا اثر پڑ سکتا ہے؟

    بھارت اپنی توانائی کی تقریباً 40 فیصد ضروریات روس سے پوری کرتا ہے، اور جنوری–جون 2025 میں ایران سے تقریباً 17.5 لاکھ بیرل روزانہ درآمد کیے گئے، یہ گزشتہ سال سے 1% زیادہ ہے۔ اگر امریکہ بھارت پر 100 فیصد ٹیرِف عائد کر دے تو تیل کی قیمت دوگنی ہو سکتی ہے، جس کے باعث پٹرول-ڈیزل کی قیمتیں 8–12 روپے فی لیٹر تک بڑھ سکتی ہیں۔ اس سے مہنگائی اضافہ ہوگی، بنیادی ضروریات اور نقل و حمل مہنگی ہوں گی، نیز بھارت کی ادویات، ٹیکسٹائل، آئی ٹی سروسز اور آٹو پارٹس جیسی برآمدات میں بڑی رسک ہوگی۔ بھارت کا امریکہ سے $74 بلین کے برآمدات متاثر ہوں گے، جس سے روزگار اور سرمایہ کاری پر براہِ راست اثر پڑے گا۔

      امریکہ-روس توازن: بھارت کی سیاست کا دوراہا

    بھارت اور امریکہ 2030 تک $500 بلین تجارت اور مفت تجارت معاہدے کی کوشش کر رہے ہیں، لیکن ٹیرِف کی وجہ سے اس میں تاخیر ہو سکتی ہے۔ بھارت کا روس سے دفاع، تیل اور توانائی کے شعبے میں دیرینہ تعلق ہے، اور دباؤ میں آ کر بھارت روس سے دوری اختیار کرنے پر مجبور ہو سکتا ہے۔ بھارت نے دوہری معیارات کی حکمت عملی پر تنقید کی ہے، اور ممکن ہے کہ ٹیرِف کے سبب بھارت BRICS گروپ کی جانب پڑاو کرے یا امریکی جی پی ایس سسٹم سے بھی دوری اختیار کرے

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Parvati
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  1. Zia

    The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. The Soviet Union was a communist superpower that had been a rival of the United States and its allies since the end of World War II. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a neRead more

    The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. The Soviet Union was a communist superpower that had been a rival of the United States and its allies since the end of World War II. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era in world history.

    The Cold War was characterized by a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union for global influence. The two superpowers competed in a number of areas, including politics, economics, military, and technology. The Cold War was a time of great tension and anxiety, as the world feared that the conflict between the two superpowers could escalate into a nuclear war.

    The Cold War began to wind down in the late 1980s, as Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms that weakened the Soviet Union’s hold on its Eastern European satellites. The Berlin Wall, which had divided East and West Berlin since 1961, fell in 1989, and the following year, East Germany and West Germany reunified.

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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    Protecting yourself during shelling, drone strikes, or general wartime situations requires preparation, quick action, and awareness. Here’s a practical breakdown based on real-world conflict zone advice and survival training: 🔹 GENERAL PRINCIPLES Stay Informed: Use trusted news sources, local emergeRead more

    Protecting yourself during shelling, drone strikes, or general wartime situations requires preparation, quick action, and awareness. Here’s a practical breakdown based on real-world conflict zone advice and survival training:

    🔹 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

    • Stay Informed: Use trusted news sources, local emergency alerts, and apps like Telegram or Signal (with relevant war channels) to get real-time updates.
    • Plan Ahead: Know the location of nearby shelters, exits, and safe zones. Have a go-bag ready.

    🔹 DURING SHELLING OR ARTILLERY STRIKES

    ▶️ If you’re indoors:

    • Go to the safest area:
      • Ideally a basement or interior room without windows.
      • Avoid upper floors, windows, and exterior walls.
    • Stay away from glass – blast waves can shatter it violently.
    • Lie down on the floor and protect your head and neck.

    💡 Tip: The corner of a load-bearing wall (e.g., stairwells) offers more protection.

    ▶️ If you’re outdoors:

    • Drop to the ground, face down, feet toward the direction of the blast.
    • Cover your head and ears with your hands.
    • Find cover quickly (ditch, trench, low wall, concrete barrier).
      • If possible, hide behind something solid like a curb, embankment, or building foundation.

    🔹 DURING DRONE STRIKES

    ▶️ Recognizing danger:

    • Buzzing or humming sound may indicate a nearby drone.
    • Whistling sound often means an incoming missile or bomb.
    • Use drone-tracking apps or community alerts if available.

    ▶️ Take cover fast:

    • Stay under solid concrete or underground (parking garages, subways, basements).
    • Don’t stay in open spaces—parks, rooftops, and open roads make you visible.
    • If driving, abandon the car and take cover away from it.

    🔹 DURING AIR RAIDS OR BOMBINGS

    • Seek official or improvised shelters (subways, basements, underground tunnels).
    • If no shelter: lie flat in a ditch, protect your head, and stay still until the bombing ends.
    • Be aware of secondary strikes—some areas are hit again shortly after first responders arrive.

    🔹 PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS KIT (“Go-Bag”)

    Pack essentials in a backpack you can grab quickly:

    • Water & food for 72 hours
    • First aid kit
    • Flashlight & batteries
    • Phone power bank
    • Copies of documents (passport, ID)
    • Cash
    • Emergency blanket
    • Respirator mask or at least N95
    • Personal hygiene items
    • Local maps, flashlight

    🔹 EXTRA TIPS FOR URBAN WAR ZONES

    • Move cautiously: Avoid running in open areas. Move from cover to cover.
    • Tape your windows in a crisscross pattern to minimize glass shatter.
    • Mark safe shelters nearby if you’re staying in a high-risk zone.
    • Avoid taking videos/photos in dangerous areas; drones and snipers target people using phones.

    🔹 AFTER A STRIKE

    • Wait before leaving shelter – there may be unexploded ordnance or follow-up strikes.
    • Avoid touching debris, strange objects, or bodies – they could be booby-trapped.
    • Check yourself and others for injuries, stop bleeding, and administer first aid.

    🔹 MENTAL & PHYSICAL ENDURANCE

    • Keep calm with breathing techniques.
    • Sleep when you can. Fatigue makes mistakes more likely.
    • Stay connected to loved ones or local communities for psychological resilience.

    Would you like this in a printable checklist format or adapted for a specific location or type of threat?

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Ali1234Researcher
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  1. Ali1234 Researcher

    A significant discovery in maritime archaeology has been announced: the wreck of the Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer Teruzuki has been found on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, more than 80 years after it sank during World War II. The Teruzuki, an Akizuki-class destroyer, was located on July 12,Read more

    A significant discovery in maritime archaeology has been announced: the wreck of the Imperial Japanese Navy destroyer Teruzuki has been found on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, more than 80 years after it sank during World War II.
    The Teruzuki, an Akizuki-class destroyer, was located on July 12, 2025, by a team aboard the Ocean Exploration Trust’s Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus. The discovery was made in Iron Bottom Sound near the Solomon Islands, an area notorious for the numerous naval vessels and aircraft lost during intense battles between August and December 1942.
    The destroyer was commissioned in 1942 and was designed to defend aircraft carriers from aerial attacks. It was lost in December 1942 after being hit by American torpedoes while transporting supplies to Japanese soldiers on Guadalcanal. While nine sailors were killed, most of the crew, including Rear Admiral Raizō Tanaka, survived the attack.
    The exploration team used advanced seafloor mapping tools and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to confirm the identity of the ship. Notably, the discovery of the stern section, severed from the main hull and found over 200 meters away with intact depth charges, has led researchers to revise the long-held theory that the ship sank due to an explosion in its depth charge magazine. Instead, the evidence suggests the American torpedoes were the primary cause of the ship’s demise.
    This finding provides valuable insights into the war and the ship’s final hours, as detailed blueprints and images of Japanese naval vessels were kept secret during the war, making this the first visual examination of the Teruzuki for this generation. The discovery is part of an ongoing multinational mission supported by NOAA Ocean Exploration and various institutions from Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the USA, which has already documented 12 World War II maritime heritage sites in the area.

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